mysql_host_data_source.cc

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// Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

#include <config.h>

#include <database/db_exceptions.h>
#include <dhcp/libdhcp++.h>
#include <dhcp/option.h>
#include <dhcp/option_definition.h>
#include <dhcp/option_space.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/cfg_option.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/dhcpsrv_log.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/mysql_host_data_source.h>
#include <util/buffer.h>
#include <util/optional_value.h>

#include <boost/algorithm/string/split.hpp>
#include <boost/algorithm/string/classification.hpp>
#include <boost/array.hpp>
#include <boost/pointer_cast.hpp>
#include <boost/static_assert.hpp>

#include <mysql.h>
#include <mysqld_error.h>

#include <stdint.h>
#include <string>

using namespace isc;
using namespace isc::asiolink;
using namespace isc::db;
using namespace isc::dhcp;
using namespace isc::util;
using namespace isc::data;
using namespace std;

namespace {

const size_t ADDRESS6_TEXT_MAX_LEN = 39;

const size_t CLIENT_CLASSES_MAX_LEN = 255;

const size_t HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN = 255;

const size_t OPTION_VALUE_MAX_LEN = 4096;

const size_t OPTION_FORMATTED_VALUE_MAX_LEN = 8192;

const size_t OPTION_SPACE_MAX_LEN = 128;

const size_t USER_CONTEXT_MAX_LEN = 8192;

const size_t SERVER_HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN = 64;

const size_t BOOT_FILE_NAME_MAX_LEN = 128;

const size_t KEY_LEN = 16;

const uint8_t MAX_IDENTIFIER_TYPE = static_cast<uint8_t>(Host::LAST_IDENTIFIER_TYPE);

class MySqlHostExchange {
private:

    static const size_t HOST_COLUMNS = 14;

public:

    MySqlHostExchange(const size_t additional_columns_num = 0)
        : columns_num_(HOST_COLUMNS + additional_columns_num),
          bind_(columns_num_), columns_(columns_num_),
          error_(columns_num_, MLM_FALSE), host_id_(0),
          dhcp_identifier_length_(0), dhcp_identifier_type_(0),
          dhcp4_subnet_id_(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED), 
          dhcp6_subnet_id_(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED), ipv4_address_(0),
          hostname_length_(0), dhcp4_client_classes_length_(0),
          dhcp6_client_classes_length_(0),
          user_context_length_(0),
          dhcp4_next_server_(0),
          dhcp4_server_hostname_length_(0),
          dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_(0),
          dhcp4_subnet_id_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp6_subnet_id_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          ipv4_address_null_(MLM_FALSE), hostname_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp4_client_classes_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp6_client_classes_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          user_context_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp4_next_server_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp4_server_hostname_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          auth_key_null_(MLM_FALSE) {

        // Fill arrays with 0 so as they don't include any garbage.
        memset(dhcp_identifier_buffer_, 0, sizeof(dhcp_identifier_buffer_));
        memset(hostname_, 0, sizeof(hostname_));
        memset(dhcp4_client_classes_, 0, sizeof(dhcp4_client_classes_));
        memset(dhcp6_client_classes_, 0, sizeof(dhcp6_client_classes_));
        memset(user_context_, 0, sizeof(user_context_));
        memset(dhcp4_server_hostname_, 0, sizeof(dhcp4_server_hostname_));
        memset(dhcp4_boot_file_name_, 0, sizeof(dhcp4_boot_file_name_));

        // Set the column names for use by this class. This only comprises
        // names used by the MySqlHostExchange class. Derived classes will
        // need to set names for the columns they use.
        columns_[0] = "host_id";
        columns_[1] = "dhcp_identifier";
        columns_[2] = "dhcp_identifier_type";
        columns_[3] = "dhcp4_subnet_id";
        columns_[4] = "dhcp6_subnet_id";
        columns_[5] = "ipv4_address";
        columns_[6] = "hostname";
        columns_[7] = "dhcp4_client_classes";
        columns_[8] = "dhcp6_client_classes";
        columns_[9] = "user_context";
        columns_[10] = "dhcp4_next_server";
        columns_[11] = "dhcp4_server_hostname";
        columns_[12] = "dhcp4_boot_file_name";
        columns_[13] = "auth_key";

        BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(13 < HOST_COLUMNS);
    };

    virtual ~MySqlHostExchange() {
    }

    size_t findAvailColumn() const {
        std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator empty_column =
            std::find(columns_.begin(), columns_.end(), std::string());
        return (std::distance(columns_.begin(), empty_column));
    }

    uint64_t getHostId() const {
        return (host_id_);
    };

    static void setErrorIndicators(std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>& bind,
                                   std::vector<my_bool>& error) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < error.size(); ++i) {
            error[i] = MLM_FALSE;
            bind[i].error = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&error[i]);
        }
    };

    static std::string getColumnsInError(std::vector<my_bool>& error,
                                         const std::vector<std::string>& names) {
        std::string result = "";

        // Accumulate list of column names
        for (size_t i = 0; i < names.size(); ++i) {
            if (error[i] == MLM_TRUE) {
                if (!result.empty()) {
                    result += ", ";
                }
                result += names[i];
            }
        }

        if (result.empty()) {
            result = "(None)";
        }

        return (result);
    };

    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForSend(const HostPtr& host) {
        // Store host object to ensure it remains valid.
        host_ = host;

        // Initialize prior to constructing the array of MYSQL_BIND structures.
        // It sets all fields, including is_null, to zero, so we need to set
        // is_null only if it should be true. This gives up minor performance
        // benefit while being safe approach.
        memset(&bind_[0], 0, sizeof(MYSQL_BIND) * bind_.size());

        // Set up the structures for the various components of the host structure.

        try {
            // host_id : INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            // The host_id is auto_incremented by MySQL database,
            // so we need to pass the NULL value
            host_id_ = 0;
            bind_[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id_);
            bind_[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // dhcp_identifier : VARBINARY(128) NOT NULL
            dhcp_identifier_length_ = host->getIdentifier().size();
            memcpy(static_cast<void*>(dhcp_identifier_buffer_),
                   &(host->getIdentifier())[0],
                   host->getIdentifier().size());

            bind_[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
            bind_[1].buffer = dhcp_identifier_buffer_;
            bind_[1].buffer_length = dhcp_identifier_length_;
            bind_[1].length = &dhcp_identifier_length_;

            // dhcp_identifier_type : TINYINT NOT NULL
            dhcp_identifier_type_ = static_cast<uint8_t>(host->getIdentifierType());
            bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[2].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp_identifier_type_);
            bind_[2].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // dhcp4_subnet_id : INT UNSIGNED NULL
            // Can't take an address of intermediate object, so let's store it
            // in dhcp4_subnet_id_
            dhcp4_subnet_id_ = host->getIPv4SubnetID();
            dhcp4_subnet_id_null_ = host->getIPv4SubnetID() == SUBNET_ID_UNUSED ? MLM_TRUE : MLM_FALSE;
            bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[3].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp4_subnet_id_);
            bind_[3].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            bind_[3].is_null = &dhcp4_subnet_id_null_;

            // dhcp6_subnet_id : INT UNSIGNED NULL
            // Can't take an address of intermediate object, so let's store it
            // in dhcp6_subnet_id_
            dhcp6_subnet_id_ = host->getIPv6SubnetID();
            dhcp6_subnet_id_null_ = host->getIPv6SubnetID() == SUBNET_ID_UNUSED ? MLM_TRUE : MLM_FALSE;
            bind_[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[4].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp6_subnet_id_);
            bind_[4].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            bind_[4].is_null = &dhcp6_subnet_id_null_;

            // ipv4_address : INT UNSIGNED NULL
            // The address in the Host structure is an IOAddress object.  Convert
            // this to an integer for storage.
            ipv4_address_ = host->getIPv4Reservation().toUint32();
            ipv4_address_null_ = ipv4_address_ == 0 ? MLM_TRUE : MLM_FALSE;
            bind_[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[5].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&ipv4_address_);
            bind_[5].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            bind_[5].is_null = &ipv4_address_null_;

            // hostname : VARCHAR(255) NULL
            strncpy(hostname_, host->getHostname().c_str(), HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN - 1);
            hostname_length_ = host->getHostname().length();
            bind_[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind_[6].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(hostname_);
            bind_[6].buffer_length = hostname_length_;

            // dhcp4_client_classes : VARCHAR(255) NULL
            bind_[7].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            // Override default separator to not include space after comma.
            string classes4_txt = host->getClientClasses4().toText(",");
            strncpy(dhcp4_client_classes_, classes4_txt.c_str(), CLIENT_CLASSES_MAX_LEN - 1);
            bind_[7].buffer = dhcp4_client_classes_;
            bind_[7].buffer_length = classes4_txt.length();

            // dhcp6_client_classes : VARCHAR(255) NULL
            bind_[8].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            // Override default separator to not include space after comma.
            string classes6_txt = host->getClientClasses6().toText(",");
            strncpy(dhcp6_client_classes_, classes6_txt.c_str(), CLIENT_CLASSES_MAX_LEN - 1);
            bind_[8].buffer = dhcp6_client_classes_;
            bind_[8].buffer_length = classes6_txt.length();

            // user_context : TEXT NULL
            ConstElementPtr ctx = host->getContext();
            if (ctx) {
                bind_[9].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
                string ctx_txt = ctx->str();
                strncpy(user_context_, ctx_txt.c_str(), USER_CONTEXT_MAX_LEN - 1);
                bind_[9].buffer = user_context_;
                bind_[9].buffer_length = ctx_txt.length();
            } else {
                bind_[9].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // ipv4_address : INT UNSIGNED NULL
            // The address in the Host structure is an IOAddress object.  Convert
            // this to an integer for storage.
            dhcp4_next_server_ = host->getNextServer().toUint32();
            bind_[10].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[10].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp4_next_server_);
            bind_[10].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            // bind_[10].is_null = &MLM_FALSE; // commented out for performance
                                               // reasons, see memset() above

            // dhcp4_server_hostname
            bind_[11].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            std::string server_hostname = host->getServerHostname();
            strncpy(dhcp4_server_hostname_, server_hostname.c_str(),
                    SERVER_HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN - 1);
            bind_[11].buffer = dhcp4_server_hostname_;
            bind_[11].buffer_length = server_hostname.length();

            // dhcp4_boot_file_name
            bind_[12].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            std::string boot_file_name = host->getBootFileName();
            strncpy(dhcp4_boot_file_name_, boot_file_name.c_str(),
                    BOOT_FILE_NAME_MAX_LEN - 1);
            bind_[12].buffer = dhcp4_boot_file_name_;
            bind_[12].buffer_length = boot_file_name.length();

            // auth key
            bind_[13].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            std::string auth_key = host->getKey().ToText();
            std::strncpy(auth_key_, auth_key.c_str(), KEY_LEN);
            auth_key_null_ =  auth_key.empty() ? MLM_TRUE : MLM_FALSE;
            bind_[13].buffer = auth_key_;
            bind_[13].buffer_length = auth_key.length();
        
        } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
            isc_throw(DbOperationError,
                      "Could not create bind array from Host: "
                      << host->getHostname() << ", reason: " << ex.what());
        }

        // Add the data to the vector.  Note the end element is one after the
        // end of the array.
        return (std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>(&bind_[0], &bind_[columns_num_]));
    };

    virtual std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForReceive() {
        // Initialize MYSQL_BIND array.
        // It sets all fields, including is_null, to zero, so we need to set
        // is_null only if it should be true. This gives up minor performance
        // benefit while being safe approach. For improved readability, the
        // code that explicitly sets is_null is there, but is commented out.
        // This also takes care of setting bind_[X].is_null to MLM_FALSE.
        memset(&bind_[0], 0, sizeof(MYSQL_BIND) * bind_.size());

        // host_id : INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
        bind_[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id_);
        bind_[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // dhcp_identifier : VARBINARY(128) NOT NULL
        dhcp_identifier_length_ = sizeof(dhcp_identifier_buffer_);
        bind_[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
        bind_[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp_identifier_buffer_);
        bind_[1].buffer_length = dhcp_identifier_length_;
        bind_[1].length = &dhcp_identifier_length_;

        // dhcp_identifier_type : TINYINT NOT NULL
        bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
        bind_[2].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp_identifier_type_);
        bind_[2].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // dhcp4_subnet_id : INT UNSIGNED NULL
        dhcp4_subnet_id_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[3].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp4_subnet_id_);
        bind_[3].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[3].is_null = &dhcp4_subnet_id_null_;

        // dhcp6_subnet_id : INT UNSIGNED NULL
        dhcp6_subnet_id_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[4].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp6_subnet_id_);
        bind_[4].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[4].is_null = &dhcp6_subnet_id_null_;

        // ipv4_address : INT UNSIGNED NULL
        ipv4_address_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[5].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&ipv4_address_);
        bind_[5].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[5].is_null = &ipv4_address_null_;

        // hostname : VARCHAR(255) NULL
        hostname_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        hostname_length_ = sizeof(hostname_);
        bind_[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[6].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(hostname_);
        bind_[6].buffer_length = hostname_length_;
        bind_[6].length = &hostname_length_;
        bind_[6].is_null = &hostname_null_;

        // dhcp4_client_classes : VARCHAR(255) NULL
        dhcp4_client_classes_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        dhcp4_client_classes_length_ = sizeof(dhcp4_client_classes_);
        bind_[7].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[7].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp4_client_classes_);
        bind_[7].buffer_length = dhcp4_client_classes_length_;
        bind_[7].length = &dhcp4_client_classes_length_;
        bind_[7].is_null = &dhcp4_client_classes_null_;

        // dhcp6_client_classes : VARCHAR(255) NULL
        dhcp6_client_classes_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        dhcp6_client_classes_length_ = sizeof(dhcp6_client_classes_);
        bind_[8].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[8].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp6_client_classes_);
        bind_[8].buffer_length = dhcp6_client_classes_length_;
        bind_[8].length = &dhcp6_client_classes_length_;
        bind_[8].is_null = &dhcp6_client_classes_null_;

        // user_context : TEXT NULL
        user_context_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        user_context_length_ = sizeof(user_context_);
        bind_[9].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[9].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(user_context_);
        bind_[9].buffer_length = user_context_length_;
        bind_[9].length = &user_context_length_;
        bind_[9].is_null = &user_context_null_;

        // dhcp4_next_server
        dhcp4_next_server_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[10].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[10].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp4_next_server_);
        bind_[10].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[10].is_null = &dhcp4_next_server_null_;

        // dhcp4_server_hostname
        dhcp4_server_hostname_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        dhcp4_server_hostname_length_ = sizeof(dhcp4_server_hostname_);
        bind_[11].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[11].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp4_server_hostname_);
        bind_[11].buffer_length = dhcp4_server_hostname_length_;
        bind_[11].length = &dhcp4_server_hostname_length_;
        bind_[11].is_null = &dhcp4_server_hostname_null_;

        // dhcp4_boot_file_name
        dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_ = sizeof(dhcp4_boot_file_name_);
        bind_[12].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[12].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp4_boot_file_name_);
        bind_[12].buffer_length = dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_;
        bind_[12].length = &dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_;
        bind_[12].is_null = &dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_;

        // auth_key_
        auth_key_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        auth_key_length_ = sizeof(auth_key_);
        bind_[13].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[13].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(auth_key_);
        bind_[13].buffer_length = auth_key_length_;
        bind_[13].length = &auth_key_length_;
        bind_[13].is_null = &auth_key_null_;
        
        // Add the error flags
        setErrorIndicators(bind_, error_);

        // Add the data to the vector.  Note the end element is one after the
        // end of the array.
        return (bind_);
    };

    HostPtr retrieveHost() {
        // Check if the identifier stored in the database is correct.
        if (dhcp_identifier_type_ > MAX_IDENTIFIER_TYPE) {
            isc_throw(BadValue, "invalid dhcp identifier type returned: "
                      << static_cast<int>(dhcp_identifier_type_));
        }
        // Set the dhcp identifier type in a variable of the appropriate
        // data type.
        Host::IdentifierType type =
            static_cast<Host::IdentifierType>(dhcp_identifier_type_);

        // Set DHCPv4 subnet ID to the value returned. If NULL returned,
        // set to 0.
        SubnetID ipv4_subnet_id(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED);
        if (dhcp4_subnet_id_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            ipv4_subnet_id = static_cast<SubnetID>(dhcp4_subnet_id_);
        }

        // Set DHCPv6 subnet ID to the value returned. If NULL returned,
        // set to 0.
        SubnetID ipv6_subnet_id(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED);
        if (dhcp6_subnet_id_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            ipv6_subnet_id = static_cast<SubnetID>(dhcp6_subnet_id_);
        }

        // Set IPv4 address reservation if it was given, if not, set IPv4 zero
        // address
        asiolink::IOAddress ipv4_reservation = asiolink::IOAddress::IPV4_ZERO_ADDRESS();
        if (ipv4_address_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            ipv4_reservation = asiolink::IOAddress(ipv4_address_);
        }

        // Set hostname if non NULL value returned. Otherwise, leave an
        // empty string.
        std::string hostname;
        if (hostname_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            hostname = std::string(hostname_, hostname_length_);
        }

        // Set DHCPv4 client classes if non NULL value returned.
        std::string dhcp4_client_classes;
        if (dhcp4_client_classes_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            dhcp4_client_classes = std::string(dhcp4_client_classes_,
                                               dhcp4_client_classes_length_);
        }

        // Set DHCPv6 client classes if non NULL value returned.
        std::string dhcp6_client_classes;
        if (dhcp6_client_classes_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            dhcp6_client_classes = std::string(dhcp6_client_classes_,
                                               dhcp6_client_classes_length_);
        }

        // Convert user_context to string as well.
        std::string user_context;
        if (user_context_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            user_context_[user_context_length_] = '\0';
            user_context.assign(user_context_);
        }

        // Set next server value (siaddr) if non NULL value returned.
        asiolink::IOAddress next_server = asiolink::IOAddress::IPV4_ZERO_ADDRESS();
        if (dhcp4_next_server_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            next_server = asiolink::IOAddress(dhcp4_next_server_);
        }

        // Set server hostname (sname) if non NULL value returned.
        std::string dhcp4_server_hostname;
        if (dhcp4_server_hostname_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            dhcp4_server_hostname = std::string(dhcp4_server_hostname_,
                                                dhcp4_server_hostname_length_);
        }

        // Set boot file name (file) if non NULL value returned.
        std::string dhcp4_boot_file_name;
        if (dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            dhcp4_boot_file_name = std::string(dhcp4_boot_file_name_,
                                               dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_);
        }

        // Set the auth key if a non empty array is retrieved
        std::string auth_key;
        if (auth_key_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            auth_key = std::string(auth_key_, auth_key_length_);
        }

        // Create and return Host object from the data gathered.
        HostPtr h(new Host(dhcp_identifier_buffer_, dhcp_identifier_length_,
                           type, ipv4_subnet_id, ipv6_subnet_id, ipv4_reservation,
                           hostname, dhcp4_client_classes, dhcp6_client_classes,
                           next_server, dhcp4_server_hostname,
                           dhcp4_boot_file_name, AuthKey(auth_key)));
        h->setHostId(host_id_);

        // Set the user context if there is one.
        if (!user_context.empty()) {
            try {
                ConstElementPtr ctx = Element::fromJSON(user_context);
                if (!ctx || (ctx->getType() != Element::map)) {
                    isc_throw(BadValue, "user context '" << user_context
                              << "' is not a JSON map");
                }
                h->setContext(ctx);
            } catch (const isc::data::JSONError& ex) {
                isc_throw(BadValue, "user context '" << user_context
                          << "' is invalid JSON: " << ex.what());
            }
        }

        return (h);
    };

    virtual void processFetchedData(ConstHostCollection& hosts) {
        HostPtr host;
        // Add new host only if there are no hosts yet or the host id of the
        // most recently added host is different than the host id of the
        // currently processed host.
        if (hosts.empty() || (hosts.back()->getHostId() != getHostId())) {
            // Create Host object from the fetched data and append it to the
            // collection.
            host = retrieveHost();
            hosts.push_back(host);
        }
    }

    std::string getErrorColumns() {
        return (getColumnsInError(error_, columns_));
    };

protected:

    size_t columns_num_;

    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> bind_;

    std::vector<std::string> columns_;

    std::vector<my_bool> error_;

    HostPtr host_;

private:

    uint64_t host_id_;

    uint8_t dhcp_identifier_buffer_[DUID::MAX_DUID_LEN];

    unsigned long dhcp_identifier_length_;

    uint8_t dhcp_identifier_type_;

    uint32_t dhcp4_subnet_id_;

    uint32_t dhcp6_subnet_id_;

    uint32_t ipv4_address_;

    char hostname_[HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN];

    unsigned long hostname_length_;

    char dhcp4_client_classes_[CLIENT_CLASSES_MAX_LEN];

    unsigned long dhcp4_client_classes_length_;

    char dhcp6_client_classes_[CLIENT_CLASSES_MAX_LEN];

    unsigned long dhcp6_client_classes_length_;

    char user_context_[USER_CONTEXT_MAX_LEN];

    unsigned long user_context_length_;

    uint32_t dhcp4_next_server_;

    char dhcp4_server_hostname_[SERVER_HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN];

    unsigned long dhcp4_server_hostname_length_;

    char dhcp4_boot_file_name_[BOOT_FILE_NAME_MAX_LEN];

    unsigned long dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_;

    char  auth_key_[KEY_LEN];

    unsigned long auth_key_length_;
    

    my_bool dhcp4_subnet_id_null_;

    my_bool dhcp6_subnet_id_null_;

    my_bool ipv4_address_null_;

    my_bool hostname_null_;

    my_bool dhcp4_client_classes_null_;

    my_bool dhcp6_client_classes_null_;

    my_bool user_context_null_;

    my_bool dhcp4_next_server_null_;

    my_bool dhcp4_server_hostname_null_;

    my_bool dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_;

    my_bool auth_key_null_;

};

class MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange : public MySqlHostExchange {
private:

    static const size_t OPTION_COLUMNS = 7;

    class OptionProcessor {
    public:

        OptionProcessor(const Option::Universe& universe,
                        const size_t start_column)
        : universe_(universe), start_column_(start_column), option_id_(0),
          code_(0), value_length_(0), formatted_value_length_(0),
          space_length_(0), persistent_(false), user_context_length_(0),
          option_id_null_(MLM_FALSE), code_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          value_null_(MLM_FALSE), formatted_value_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          space_null_(MLM_FALSE), user_context_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          option_id_index_(start_column), code_index_(start_column_ + 1),
          value_index_(start_column_ + 2),
          formatted_value_index_(start_column_ + 3),
          space_index_(start_column_ + 4),
          persistent_index_(start_column_ + 5),
          user_context_index_(start_column_ + 6),
          most_recent_option_id_(0) {

            memset(value_, 0, sizeof(value_));
            memset(formatted_value_, 0, sizeof(formatted_value_));
            memset(space_, 0, sizeof(space_));
            memset(user_context_, 0, sizeof(user_context_));
        }

        uint64_t getOptionId() const {
            if (option_id_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
                return (option_id_);
            }
            return (0);
        }

        void retrieveOption(const CfgOptionPtr& cfg) {
            // option_id may be NULL if dhcp4_options or dhcp6_options table
            // doesn't contain any options for the particular host. Also, the
            // current option id must be greater than id if the most recent
            // option because options are ordered by option id. Otherwise
            // we assume that this is already processed option.
            if ((option_id_null_ == MLM_TRUE) ||
                (most_recent_option_id_ >= option_id_)) {
                return;
            }

            // Remember current option id as the most recent processed one. We
            // will be comparing it with option ids in subsequent rows.
            most_recent_option_id_ = option_id_;

            // Convert it to string object for easier comparison.
            std::string space;
            if (space_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
                // Typically, the string values returned by the database are not
                // NULL terminated.
                space_[space_length_] = '\0';
                space.assign(space_);
            }

            // If empty or null space provided, use a default top level space.
            if (space.empty()) {
                space = (universe_ == Option::V4 ? "dhcp4" : "dhcp6");
            }

            // Convert formatted_value to string as well.
            std::string formatted_value;
            if (formatted_value_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
                formatted_value_[formatted_value_length_] = '\0';
                formatted_value.assign(formatted_value_);
            }

            // Convert user_context to string as well.
            std::string user_context;
            if (user_context_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
                user_context_[user_context_length_] = '\0';
                user_context.assign(user_context_);
            }

            // Options are held in a binary or textual format in the database.
            // This is similar to having an option specified in a server
            // configuration file. Such option is converted to appropriate C++
            // class, using option definition. Thus, we need to find the
            // option definition for this option code and option space.

            // Check if this is a standard option.
            OptionDefinitionPtr def = LibDHCP::getOptionDef(space, code_);

            // Otherwise, we may check if this an option encapsulated within the
            // vendor space.
            if (!def && (space != DHCP4_OPTION_SPACE) &&
                (space != DHCP6_OPTION_SPACE)) {
                uint32_t vendor_id = LibDHCP::optionSpaceToVendorId(space);
                if (vendor_id > 0) {
                    def = LibDHCP::getVendorOptionDef(universe_, vendor_id, code_);
                }
            }

            // In all other cases, we use runtime option definitions, which
            // should be also registered within the libdhcp++.
            if (!def) {
                def = LibDHCP::getRuntimeOptionDef(space, code_);
            }

            OptionPtr option;

            if (!def) {
                // If no definition found, we use generic option type.
                OptionBuffer buf(value_, value_ + value_length_);
                option.reset(new Option(universe_, code_, buf.begin(),
                                        buf.end()));
            } else {
                // The option value may be specified in textual or binary format
                // in the database. If formatted_value is empty, the binary
                // format is used. Depending on the format we use a different
                // variant of the optionFactory function.
                if (formatted_value.empty()) {
                    OptionBuffer buf(value_, value_ + value_length_);
                    option = def->optionFactory(universe_, code_, buf.begin(),
                                                buf.end());
                } else {
                    // Spit the value specified in comma separated values
                    // format.
                    std::vector<std::string> split_vec;
                    boost::split(split_vec, formatted_value, boost::is_any_of(","));
                    option = def->optionFactory(universe_, code_, split_vec);
                }
            }

            OptionDescriptor desc(option, persistent_, formatted_value);

            // Set the user context if there is one into the option descriptor.
            if (!user_context.empty()) {
                try {
                    ConstElementPtr ctx = Element::fromJSON(user_context);
                    if (!ctx || (ctx->getType() != Element::map)) {
                        isc_throw(BadValue, "user context '" << user_context
                                  << "' is no a JSON map");
                    }
                    desc.setContext(ctx);
                } catch (const isc::data::JSONError& ex) {
                    isc_throw(BadValue, "user context '" << user_context
                              << "' is invalid JSON: " << ex.what());
                }
            }

            cfg->add(desc, space);
        }

        void setColumnNames(std::vector<std::string>& columns) {
            columns[option_id_index_] = "option_id";
            columns[code_index_] = "code";
            columns[value_index_] = "value";
            columns[formatted_value_index_] = "formatted_value";
            columns[space_index_] = "space";
            columns[persistent_index_] = "persistent";
            columns[user_context_index_] = "user_context";
        }

        void setBindFields(std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>& bind) {
            // This method is called just before making a new query, so we
            // reset the most_recent_option_id_ to start over with options
            // processing.
            most_recent_option_id_ = 0;

            // option_id : INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
            bind[option_id_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind[option_id_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&option_id_);
            bind[option_id_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // code : TINYINT OR SHORT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            bind[code_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
            bind[code_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&code_);
            bind[code_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            bind[code_index_].is_null = &code_null_;

            // value : BLOB NULL
            value_length_ = sizeof(value_);
            bind[value_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
            bind[value_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(value_);
            bind[value_index_].buffer_length = value_length_;
            bind[value_index_].length = &value_length_;
            bind[value_index_].is_null = &value_null_;

            // formatted_value : TEXT NULL
            formatted_value_length_ = sizeof(formatted_value_);
            bind[formatted_value_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind[formatted_value_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(formatted_value_);
            bind[formatted_value_index_].buffer_length = formatted_value_length_;
            bind[formatted_value_index_].length = &formatted_value_length_;
            bind[formatted_value_index_].is_null = &formatted_value_null_;

            // space : VARCHAR(128) NULL
            space_length_ = sizeof(space_);
            bind[space_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind[space_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(space_);
            bind[space_index_].buffer_length = space_length_;
            bind[space_index_].length = &space_length_;
            bind[space_index_].is_null = &space_null_;

            // persistent : TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
            bind[persistent_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind[persistent_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&persistent_);
            bind[persistent_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // user_context : TEXT NULL
            user_context_length_ = sizeof(user_context_);
            bind[user_context_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind[user_context_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(user_context_);
            bind[user_context_index_].buffer_length = user_context_length_;
            bind[user_context_index_].length = &user_context_length_;
            bind[user_context_index_].is_null = &user_context_null_;
        }

    private:

        Option::Universe universe_;

        size_t start_column_;

        uint32_t option_id_;

        uint16_t code_;

        uint8_t value_[OPTION_VALUE_MAX_LEN];

        unsigned long value_length_;

        char formatted_value_[OPTION_FORMATTED_VALUE_MAX_LEN];

        unsigned long formatted_value_length_;

        char space_[OPTION_SPACE_MAX_LEN];

        unsigned long space_length_;

        bool persistent_;

        char user_context_[USER_CONTEXT_MAX_LEN];

        unsigned long user_context_length_;


        my_bool option_id_null_;

        my_bool code_null_;

        my_bool value_null_;

        my_bool formatted_value_null_;

        my_bool space_null_;

        my_bool user_context_null_;


        size_t option_id_index_;

        size_t code_index_;

        size_t value_index_;

        size_t formatted_value_index_;

        size_t space_index_;

        size_t persistent_index_;

        size_t user_context_index_;

        uint32_t most_recent_option_id_;
    };

    typedef boost::shared_ptr<OptionProcessor> OptionProcessorPtr;

public:

    enum FetchedOptions {
        DHCP4_ONLY,
        DHCP6_ONLY,
        DHCP4_AND_DHCP6
    };

    MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange(const FetchedOptions& fetched_options,
                                 const size_t additional_columns_num = 0)
        : MySqlHostExchange(getRequiredColumnsNum(fetched_options)
                            + additional_columns_num),
          opt_proc4_(), opt_proc6_() {

        // Create option processor for DHCPv4 options, if required.
        if ((fetched_options == DHCP4_ONLY) ||
            (fetched_options == DHCP4_AND_DHCP6)) {
            opt_proc4_.reset(new OptionProcessor(Option::V4,
                                                 findAvailColumn()));
            opt_proc4_->setColumnNames(columns_);
        }

        // Create option processor for DHCPv6 options, if required.
        if ((fetched_options == DHCP6_ONLY) ||
            (fetched_options == DHCP4_AND_DHCP6)) {
            opt_proc6_.reset(new OptionProcessor(Option::V6,
                                                 findAvailColumn()));
            opt_proc6_->setColumnNames(columns_);
        }
    }

    virtual void processFetchedData(ConstHostCollection& hosts) {
        // Holds pointer to the previously parsed host.
        HostPtr most_recent_host;
        if (!hosts.empty()) {
            // Const cast is not very elegant way to deal with it, but
            // there is a good reason to use it here. This method is called
            // to build a collection of const hosts to be returned to the
            // caller. If we wanted to use non-const collection we'd need
            // to copy the whole collection before returning it, which has
            // performance implications. Alternatively, we could store the
            // most recently added host in a class member but this would
            // make the code less readable.
            most_recent_host = boost::const_pointer_cast<Host>(hosts.back());
        }

        // If no host has been parsed yet or we're at the row holding next
        // host, we create a new host object and put it at the end of the
        // list.
        if (!most_recent_host || (most_recent_host->getHostId() < getHostId())) {
            HostPtr host = retrieveHost();
            hosts.push_back(host);
            most_recent_host = host;
        }

        // Parse DHCPv4 options if required to do so.
        if (opt_proc4_) {
            CfgOptionPtr cfg = most_recent_host->getCfgOption4();
            opt_proc4_->retrieveOption(cfg);
        }

        // Parse DHCPv6 options if required to do so.
        if (opt_proc6_) {
            CfgOptionPtr cfg = most_recent_host->getCfgOption6();
            opt_proc6_->retrieveOption(cfg);
        }
    }

    virtual std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForReceive() {
        // The following call sets bind_ values between 0 and 8.
        static_cast<void>(MySqlHostExchange::createBindForReceive());

        // Bind variables for DHCPv4 options.
        if (opt_proc4_) {
            opt_proc4_->setBindFields(bind_);
        }

        // Bind variables for DHCPv6 options.
        if (opt_proc6_) {
            opt_proc6_->setBindFields(bind_);
        }

        // Add the error flags
        setErrorIndicators(bind_, error_);

        return (bind_);
    };

private:

    static size_t getRequiredColumnsNum(const FetchedOptions& fetched_options) {
        return (fetched_options == DHCP4_AND_DHCP6 ? 2 * OPTION_COLUMNS :
                OPTION_COLUMNS);
    }

    OptionProcessorPtr opt_proc4_;

    OptionProcessorPtr opt_proc6_;
};

class MySqlHostIPv6Exchange : public MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange {
private:

    static const size_t RESERVATION_COLUMNS = 5;

public:

    MySqlHostIPv6Exchange(const FetchedOptions& fetched_options)
        : MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange(fetched_options, RESERVATION_COLUMNS),
          reservation_id_(0),
          reserv_type_(0), reserv_type_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          ipv6_address_buffer_len_(0), prefix_len_(0), iaid_(0),
          reservation_id_index_(findAvailColumn()),
          address_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 1),
          prefix_len_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 2),
          type_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 3),
          iaid_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 4),
          most_recent_reservation_id_(0) {

        memset(ipv6_address_buffer_, 0, sizeof(ipv6_address_buffer_));

        // Provide names of additional columns returned by the queries.
        columns_[reservation_id_index_] = "reservation_id";
        columns_[address_index_] = "address";
        columns_[prefix_len_index_] = "prefix_len";
        columns_[type_index_] = "type";
        columns_[iaid_index_] = "dhcp6_iaid";
    }

    uint32_t getReservationId() const {
        if (reserv_type_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            return (reservation_id_);
        }
        return (0);
    };

    IPv6Resrv retrieveReservation() {
        // Set the IPv6 Reservation type (0 = IA_NA, 2 = IA_PD)
        IPv6Resrv::Type type = IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA;

        switch (reserv_type_) {
        case 0:
            type = IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA;
            break;

        case 2:
            type = IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD;
            break;

        default:
            isc_throw(BadValue,
                      "invalid IPv6 reservation type returned: "
                      << static_cast<int>(reserv_type_)
                      << ". Only 0 or 2 are allowed.");
        }

        ipv6_address_buffer_[ipv6_address_buffer_len_] = '\0';
        std::string address = ipv6_address_buffer_;
        IPv6Resrv r(type, IOAddress(address), prefix_len_);
        return (r);
    };

    virtual void processFetchedData(ConstHostCollection& hosts) {

        // Call parent class to fetch host information and options.
        MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::processFetchedData(hosts);

        if (getReservationId() == 0) {
            return;
        }

        if (hosts.empty()) {
            isc_throw(Unexpected, "no host information while retrieving"
                      " IPv6 reservation");
        }
        HostPtr host = boost::const_pointer_cast<Host>(hosts.back());

        // If we're dealing with a new reservation, let's add it to the
        // host.
        if (getReservationId() > most_recent_reservation_id_) {
            most_recent_reservation_id_ = getReservationId();

            if (most_recent_reservation_id_ > 0) {
                host->addReservation(retrieveReservation());
            }
        }
    }

    virtual std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForReceive() {
        // Reset most recent reservation id value because we're now making
        // a new SELECT query.
        most_recent_reservation_id_ = 0;

        // Bind values supported by parent classes.
        static_cast<void>(MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::createBindForReceive());

        // reservation_id : INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT
        bind_[reservation_id_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[reservation_id_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&reservation_id_);
        bind_[reservation_id_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // IPv6 address/prefix VARCHAR(39)
        ipv6_address_buffer_len_ = sizeof(ipv6_address_buffer_) - 1;
        bind_[address_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[address_index_].buffer = ipv6_address_buffer_;
        bind_[address_index_].buffer_length = ipv6_address_buffer_len_;
        bind_[address_index_].length = &ipv6_address_buffer_len_;

        // prefix_len : TINYINT
        bind_[prefix_len_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
        bind_[prefix_len_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&prefix_len_);
        bind_[prefix_len_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // (reservation) type : TINYINT
        reserv_type_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[type_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
        bind_[type_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&reserv_type_);
        bind_[type_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[type_index_].is_null = &reserv_type_null_;

        // dhcp6_iaid INT UNSIGNED
        bind_[iaid_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[iaid_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&iaid_);
        bind_[iaid_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // Add the error flags
        setErrorIndicators(bind_, error_);

        return (bind_);
    };

private:

    uint32_t reservation_id_;

    uint8_t reserv_type_;

    my_bool reserv_type_null_;

    char ipv6_address_buffer_[ADDRESS6_TEXT_MAX_LEN + 1];

    unsigned long ipv6_address_buffer_len_;

    uint8_t prefix_len_;

    uint32_t iaid_;


    size_t reservation_id_index_;

    size_t address_index_;

    size_t prefix_len_index_;

    size_t type_index_;

    size_t iaid_index_;


    uint32_t most_recent_reservation_id_;
};

class MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange {
private:

    static const size_t RESRV_COLUMNS = 6;

public:

    MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange()
        : host_id_(0), address_("::"), address_len_(0), prefix_len_(0), type_(0),
          iaid_(0), resv_(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, asiolink::IOAddress("::"), 128) {

        // Reset error table.
        std::fill(&error_[0], &error_[RESRV_COLUMNS], MLM_FALSE);

        // Set the column names (for error messages)
        columns_[0] = "host_id";
        columns_[1] = "address";
        columns_[2] = "prefix_len";
        columns_[3] = "type";
        columns_[4] = "dhcp6_iaid";
        BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(4 < RESRV_COLUMNS);
    }

    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForSend(const IPv6Resrv& resv,
                                              const HostID& id) {

        // Store the values to ensure they remain valid.
        resv_ = resv;
        host_id_ = id;

        // Initialize prior to constructing the array of MYSQL_BIND structures.
        // It sets all fields, including is_null, to zero, so we need to set
        // is_null only if it should be true. This gives up minor performance
        // benefit while being safe approach. For improved readability, the
        // code that explicitly sets is_null is there, but is commented out.
        memset(bind_, 0, sizeof(bind_));

        // Set up the structures for the various components of the host structure.

        try {
            // address VARCHAR(39)
            address_ = resv.getPrefix().toText();
            address_len_ = address_.length();
            bind_[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
            bind_[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>
                (const_cast<char*>(address_.c_str()));
            bind_[0].buffer_length = address_len_;
            bind_[0].length = &address_len_;

            // prefix_len tinyint
            prefix_len_ = resv.getPrefixLen();
            bind_[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&prefix_len_);
            bind_[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // type tinyint
            // See lease6_types for values (0 = IA_NA, 1 = IA_TA, 2 = IA_PD)
            type_ = resv.getType() == IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA ? 0 : 2;
            bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[2].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&type_);
            bind_[2].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // dhcp6_iaid INT UNSIGNED
            iaid_ = 0;
            bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[3].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&iaid_);
            bind_[3].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // host_id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            bind_[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[4].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id_);
            bind_[4].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
            isc_throw(DbOperationError,
                      "Could not create bind array from IPv6 Reservation: "
                      << resv_.toText() << ", reason: " << ex.what());
        }

        // Add the data to the vector.  Note the end element is one after the
        // end of the array.
        // RESRV_COLUMNS -1 as we do not set reservation_id.
        return (std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>(&bind_[0], &bind_[RESRV_COLUMNS-1]));
    }

private:

    uint64_t host_id_;

    std::string address_;

    unsigned long address_len_;

    uint8_t prefix_len_;

    uint8_t type_;

    uint8_t iaid_;

    IPv6Resrv resv_;

    MYSQL_BIND bind_[RESRV_COLUMNS];

    std::string columns_[RESRV_COLUMNS];

    my_bool error_[RESRV_COLUMNS];
};

class MySqlOptionExchange {
private:

    static const size_t OPTION_COLUMNS = 10;

public:

    MySqlOptionExchange()

        : type_(0), value_len_(0), formatted_value_len_(0), space_(),
          space_len_(0), persistent_(false), user_context_(),
          user_context_len_(0), client_class_(), client_class_len_(0),
          subnet_id_(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED), host_id_(0), option_() {

        BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(9 < OPTION_COLUMNS);
    }

    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>
    createBindForSend(const OptionDescriptor& opt_desc,
                      const std::string& opt_space,
                      const OptionalValue<SubnetID>& subnet_id,
                      const HostID& host_id) {

        // Hold pointer to the option to make sure it remains valid until
        // we complete a query.
        option_ = opt_desc.option_;

        memset(bind_, 0, sizeof(bind_));

        try {
            // option_id: INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            // The option_id is auto_incremented, so we need to pass the NULL
            // value.
            bind_[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;

            // code: SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            type_  = option_->getType();
            bind_[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
            bind_[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&type_);
            bind_[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // value: BLOB NULL
            if (opt_desc.formatted_value_.empty() &&
                (opt_desc.option_->len() > opt_desc.option_->getHeaderLen())) {
                // The formatted_value is empty and the option value is
                // non-empty so we need to prepare on-wire format for the
                // option and store it in the database as a blob.
                OutputBuffer buf(opt_desc.option_->len());
                opt_desc.option_->pack(buf);
                const char* buf_ptr = static_cast<const char*>(buf.getData());
                value_.assign(buf_ptr + opt_desc.option_->getHeaderLen(),
                              buf_ptr + buf.getLength());
                value_len_ = value_.size();
                bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
                bind_[2].buffer = &value_[0];
                bind_[2].buffer_length = value_len_;
                bind_[2].length = &value_len_;

            } else {
                // No value or formatted_value specified. In this case, the
                // value blob is NULL.
                value_.clear();
                bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // formatted_value: TEXT NULL,
            if (!opt_desc.formatted_value_.empty()) {
                formatted_value_len_ = opt_desc.formatted_value_.size();
                bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
                bind_[3].buffer = const_cast<char*>(opt_desc.formatted_value_.c_str());
                bind_[3].buffer_length = formatted_value_len_;
                bind_[3].length = &formatted_value_len_;

            } else {
                bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // space: VARCHAR(128) NULL
            space_ = opt_space;
            space_len_ = space_.size();
            bind_[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind_[4].buffer = const_cast<char*>(space_.c_str());
            bind_[4].buffer_length = space_len_;
            bind_[4].length = &space_len_;

            // persistent: TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
            persistent_ = opt_desc.persistent_;
            bind_[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[5].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&persistent_);
            bind_[5].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // user_context: TEST NULL,
            ConstElementPtr ctx = opt_desc.getContext();
            if (ctx) {
                user_context_ = ctx->str();
                user_context_len_ = user_context_.size();
                bind_[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
                bind_[6].buffer = const_cast<char*>(user_context_.c_str());
                bind_[6].buffer_length = user_context_len_;
                bind_[6].length = &user_context_len_;
            } else {
                bind_[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // dhcp_client_class: VARCHAR(128) NULL
            client_class_len_ = client_class_.size();
            bind_[7].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind_[7].buffer = const_cast<char*>(client_class_.c_str());
            bind_[7].buffer_length = client_class_len_;
            bind_[7].length = &client_class_len_;

            // dhcp4_subnet_id: INT UNSIGNED NULL
            if (subnet_id.isSpecified()) {
                subnet_id_ = subnet_id;
                bind_[8].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
                bind_[8].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(subnet_id_);
                bind_[8].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            } else {
                bind_[8].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // host_id: INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            host_id_ = host_id;
            bind_[9].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[9].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id_);
            bind_[9].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
            isc_throw(DbOperationError,
                      "Could not create bind array for inserting DHCP "
                      "option: " << option_->toText() << ", reason: "
                      << ex.what());
        }

        return (std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>(&bind_[0], &bind_[OPTION_COLUMNS]));
    }

private:

    uint16_t type_;

    std::vector<uint8_t> value_;

    unsigned long value_len_;

    unsigned long formatted_value_len_;

    std::string space_;

    unsigned long space_len_;

    bool persistent_;

    std::string user_context_;

    unsigned long user_context_len_;

    std::string client_class_;

    unsigned long client_class_len_;

    uint32_t subnet_id_;

    uint32_t host_id_;

    OptionPtr option_;

    MYSQL_BIND bind_[OPTION_COLUMNS];
};

} // end of anonymous namespace

namespace isc {
namespace dhcp {

class MySqlHostDataSourceImpl {
public:

    enum StatementIndex {
        GET_HOST_DHCPID,        // Gets hosts by host identifier
        GET_HOST_ADDR,          // Gets hosts by IPv4 address
        GET_HOST_SUBID4_DHCPID, // Gets host by IPv4 SubnetID, HW address/DUID
        GET_HOST_SUBID6_DHCPID, // Gets host by IPv6 SubnetID, HW address/DUID
        GET_HOST_SUBID_ADDR,    // Gets host by IPv4 SubnetID and IPv4 address
        GET_HOST_PREFIX,        // Gets host by IPv6 prefix
        GET_HOST_SUBID6_ADDR,   // Gets host by IPv6 SubnetID and IPv6 prefix
        INSERT_HOST,            // Insert new host to collection
        INSERT_V6_RESRV,        // Insert v6 reservation
        INSERT_V4_OPTION,       // Insert DHCPv4 option
        INSERT_V6_OPTION,       // Insert DHCPv6 option
        DEL_HOST_ADDR4,         // Delete v4 host (subnet-id, addr4)
        DEL_HOST_SUBID4_ID,     // Delete v4 host (subnet-id, ident.type, identifier)
        DEL_HOST_SUBID6_ID,     // Delete v6 host (subnet-id, ident.type, identifier)
        NUM_STATEMENTS          // Number of statements
    };

    static const StatementIndex WRITE_STMTS_BEGIN = INSERT_HOST;

    MySqlHostDataSourceImpl(const MySqlConnection::ParameterMap& parameters);

    ~MySqlHostDataSourceImpl();

    //
    std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> getVersion() const;

    void addStatement(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::StatementIndex stindex,
                      std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>& bind);

    bool
    delStatement(StatementIndex stindex, MYSQL_BIND* bind);

    void addResv(const IPv6Resrv& resv, const HostID& id);

    void addOption(const MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::StatementIndex& stindex,
                   const OptionDescriptor& opt_desc,
                   const std::string& opt_space,
                   const OptionalValue<SubnetID>& subnet_id,
                   const HostID& host_id);

    void addOptions(const StatementIndex& stindex, const ConstCfgOptionPtr& options_cfg,
                    const uint64_t host_id);

    void checkError(const int status, const StatementIndex index,
                    const char* what) const;

    void getHostCollection(StatementIndex stindex, MYSQL_BIND* bind,
                           boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostExchange> exchange,
                           ConstHostCollection& result, bool single) const;

    ConstHostPtr getHost(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                         const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                         const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                         const size_t identifier_len,
                         StatementIndex stindex,
                         boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostExchange> exchange) const;

    void checkReadOnly() const;

    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange> host_exchange_;

    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostIPv6Exchange> host_ipv6_exchange_;

    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostIPv6Exchange> host_ipv46_exchange_;

    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange> host_ipv6_reservation_exchange_;

    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlOptionExchange> host_option_exchange_;

    MySqlConnection conn_;

    bool is_readonly_;
};

typedef boost::array<TaggedStatement, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::NUM_STATEMENTS>
TaggedStatementArray;

TaggedStatementArray tagged_statements = { {
    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and both DHCPv4 and
    // DHCPv6 options associated with the host. The LEFT JOIN clause is used
    // to retrieve information from 4 different tables using a single query.
    // Hence, this query returns multiple rows for a single host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_DHCPID,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, "
                "h.hostname, h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, "
                "h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o4.option_id, o4.code, o4.value, o4.formatted_value, o4.space, "
                "o4.persistent, o4.user_context, "
                "o6.option_id, o6.code, o6.value, o6.formatted_value, o6.space, "
                "o6.persistent, o6.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o4 "
                "ON h.host_id = o4.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o6 "
                "ON h.host_id = o6.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE dhcp_identifier = ? AND dhcp_identifier_type = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o4.option_id, o6.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information along with the DHCPv4 options associated with
    // it. Left joining the dhcp4_options table results in multiple rows being
    // returned for the same host. The host is retrieved by IPv4 address.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_ADDR,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.user_context "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "WHERE ipv4_address = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information and DHCPv4 options using subnet identifier
    // and client's identifier. Left joining the dhcp4_options table results in
    // multiple rows being returned for the same host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID4_DHCPID,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                ""
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.user_context "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp4_subnet_id = ? AND h.dhcp_identifier_type = ? "
            "   AND h.dhcp_identifier = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host. The number of rows returned is a multiplication
    // of number of IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_DHCPID,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp6_subnet_id = ? AND h.dhcp_identifier_type = ? "
                "AND h.dhcp_identifier = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information and DHCPv4 options for the host using subnet
    // identifier and IPv4 reservation. Left joining the dhcp4_options table
    // results in multiple rows being returned for the host. The number of
    // rows depends on the number of options defined for the host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID_ADDR,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.user_context "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp4_subnet_id = ? AND h.ipv4_address = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host using prefix and prefix length. This query
    // returns host information for a single host. However, multiple rows
    // are returned due to left joining IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    // The number of rows returned is multiplication of number of existing
    // IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_PREFIX,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.user_context,"
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.host_id = "
                "(SELECT host_id FROM ipv6_reservations "
                 "WHERE address = ? AND prefix_len = ?) "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host using subnet id and prefix. This query
    // returns host information for a single host. However, multiple rows
    // are returned due to left joining IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    // The number of rows returned is multiplication of number of existing
    // IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_ADDR,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "

                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp6_subnet_id = ? AND r.address = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Inserts a host into the 'hosts' table.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_HOST,
         "INSERT INTO hosts(host_id, dhcp_identifier, dhcp_identifier_type, "
            "dhcp4_subnet_id, dhcp6_subnet_id, ipv4_address, hostname, "
            "dhcp4_client_classes, dhcp6_client_classes, "
            "user_context, dhcp4_next_server, "
            "dhcp4_server_hostname, dhcp4_boot_file_name, auth_key) "
         "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"},

    // Inserts a single IPv6 reservation into 'reservations' table.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V6_RESRV,
         "INSERT INTO ipv6_reservations(address, prefix_len, type, "
            "dhcp6_iaid, host_id) "
         "VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)"},

    // Inserts a single DHCPv4 option into 'dhcp4_options' table.
    // Using fixed scope_id = 3, which associates an option with host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V4_OPTION,
         "INSERT INTO dhcp4_options(option_id, code, value, formatted_value, space, "
            "persistent, user_context, dhcp_client_class, dhcp4_subnet_id, host_id, scope_id) "
         " VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 3)"},

    // Inserts a single DHCPv6 option into 'dhcp6_options' table.
    // Using fixed scope_id = 3, which associates an option with host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V6_OPTION,
         "INSERT INTO dhcp6_options(option_id, code, value, formatted_value, space, "
            "persistent, user_context, dhcp_client_class, dhcp6_subnet_id, host_id, scope_id) "
         " VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 3)"},

    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_ADDR4,
     "DELETE FROM hosts WHERE dhcp4_subnet_id = ? AND ipv4_address = ?"},

    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_SUBID4_ID,
     "DELETE FROM hosts WHERE dhcp4_subnet_id = ? AND dhcp_identifier_type=? "
     "AND dhcp_identifier = ?"},

    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_SUBID6_ID,
     "DELETE FROM hosts WHERE dhcp6_subnet_id = ? AND dhcp_identifier_type=? "
     "AND dhcp_identifier = ?"}

    }
};

MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl(const MySqlConnection::ParameterMap& parameters)
    : host_exchange_(new MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange(MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::DHCP4_ONLY)),
      host_ipv6_exchange_(new MySqlHostIPv6Exchange(MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::DHCP6_ONLY)),
      host_ipv46_exchange_(new MySqlHostIPv6Exchange(MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::
                                                     DHCP4_AND_DHCP6)),
      host_ipv6_reservation_exchange_(new MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange()),
      host_option_exchange_(new MySqlOptionExchange()),
      conn_(parameters),
      is_readonly_(false) {

    // Open the database.
    conn_.openDatabase();

    // Test schema version before we try to prepare statements.
    std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> code_version(MYSQL_SCHEMA_VERSION_MAJOR,
                                               MYSQL_SCHEMA_VERSION_MINOR);
    std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> db_version = getVersion();
    if (code_version != db_version) {
        isc_throw(DbOpenError, "MySQL schema version mismatch: need version: "
                  << code_version.first << "." << code_version.second
                  << " found version:  " << db_version.first << "."
                  << db_version.second);
    }

    // Enable autocommit. In case transaction is explicitly used, this
    // setting will be overwritten for the transaction. However, there are
    // cases when lack of autocommit could cause transactions to hang
    // until commit or rollback is explicitly called. This already
    // caused issues for some unit tests which were unable to cleanup
    // the database after the test because of pending transactions.
    // Use of autocommit will eliminate this problem.
    my_bool result = mysql_autocommit(conn_.mysql_, 1);
    if (result != 0) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, mysql_error(conn_.mysql_));
    }

    // Prepare query statements. Those are will be only used to retrieve
    // information from the database, so they can be used even if the
    // database is read only for the current user.
    conn_.prepareStatements(tagged_statements.begin(),
                            tagged_statements.begin() + WRITE_STMTS_BEGIN);

    // Check if the backend is explicitly configured to operate with
    // read only access to the database.
    is_readonly_ = conn_.configuredReadOnly();

    // If we are using read-write mode for the database we also prepare
    // statements for INSERTS etc.
    if (!is_readonly_) {
        // Prepare statements for writing to the database, e.g. INSERT.
        conn_.prepareStatements(tagged_statements.begin() + WRITE_STMTS_BEGIN,
                                tagged_statements.end());
    } else {
        LOG_INFO(dhcpsrv_logger, DHCPSRV_MYSQL_HOST_DB_READONLY);
    }
}

MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::~MySqlHostDataSourceImpl() {
    // Free up the prepared statements, ignoring errors. (What would we do
    // about them? We're destroying this object and are not really concerned
    // with errors on a database connection that is about to go away.)
    for (int i = 0; i < conn_.statements_.size(); ++i) {
        if (conn_.statements_[i] != NULL) {
            (void) mysql_stmt_close(conn_.statements_[i]);
            conn_.statements_[i] = NULL;
        }
    }

    // There is no need to close the database in this destructor: it is
    // closed in the destructor of the mysql_ member variable.
}

std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::getVersion() const {
    LOG_DEBUG(dhcpsrv_logger, DHCPSRV_DBG_TRACE_DETAIL,
              DHCPSRV_MYSQL_HOST_DB_GET_VERSION);

    // Allocate a new statement.
    MYSQL_STMT *stmt = mysql_stmt_init(conn_.mysql_);
    if (stmt == NULL) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "unable to allocate MySQL prepared "
                  "statement structure, reason: " << mysql_error(conn_.mysql_));
    }

    // Prepare the statement from SQL text.
    const char* version_sql = "SELECT version, minor FROM schema_version";
    int status = mysql_stmt_prepare(stmt, version_sql, strlen(version_sql));
    if (status != 0) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "unable to prepare MySQL statement <"
                  << version_sql << ">, reason: " << mysql_errno(conn_.mysql_));
    }

    // Execute the prepared statement.
    if (mysql_stmt_execute(stmt) != 0) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "cannot execute schema version query <"
                  << version_sql << ">, reason: " << mysql_errno(conn_.mysql_));
    }

    // Bind the output of the statement to the appropriate variables.
    MYSQL_BIND bind[2];
    memset(bind, 0, sizeof(bind));

    uint32_t major;
    bind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    bind[0].is_unsigned = 1;
    bind[0].buffer = &major;
    bind[0].buffer_length = sizeof(major);

    uint32_t minor;
    bind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    bind[1].is_unsigned = 1;
    bind[1].buffer = &minor;
    bind[1].buffer_length = sizeof(minor);

    if (mysql_stmt_bind_result(stmt, bind)) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "unable to bind result set for <"
                  << version_sql << ">, reason: " << mysql_errno(conn_.mysql_));
    }

    // Fetch the data.
    if (mysql_stmt_fetch(stmt)) {
        mysql_stmt_close(stmt);
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "unable to bind result set for <"
                  << version_sql << ">, reason: " << mysql_errno(conn_.mysql_));
    }

    // Discard the statement and its resources
    mysql_stmt_close(stmt);

    return (std::make_pair(major, minor));
}


void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::addStatement(StatementIndex stindex,
                                      std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>& bind) {

    // Bind the parameters to the statement
    int status = mysql_stmt_bind_param(conn_.statements_[stindex], &bind[0]);
    checkError(status, stindex, "unable to bind parameters");

    // Execute the statement
    status = mysql_stmt_execute(conn_.statements_[stindex]);

    if (status != 0) {
        // Failure: check for the special case of duplicate entry.
        if (mysql_errno(conn_.mysql_) == ER_DUP_ENTRY) {
            isc_throw(DuplicateEntry, "Database duplicate entry error");
        }
        checkError(status, stindex, "unable to execute");
    }
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::delStatement(StatementIndex stindex,
                                      MYSQL_BIND* bind) {
    // Bind the parameters to the statement
    int status = mysql_stmt_bind_param(conn_.statements_[stindex], &bind[0]);
    checkError(status, stindex, "unable to bind parameters");

    // Execute the statement
    status = mysql_stmt_execute(conn_.statements_[stindex]);

    if (status != 0) {
        checkError(status, stindex, "unable to execute");
    }

    // Let's check how many hosts were deleted.
    my_ulonglong numrows = mysql_stmt_affected_rows(conn_.statements_[stindex]);
    return (numrows != 0);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::addResv(const IPv6Resrv& resv,
                                 const HostID& id) {
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> bind =
        host_ipv6_reservation_exchange_->createBindForSend(resv, id);

    addStatement(INSERT_V6_RESRV, bind);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::addOption(const StatementIndex& stindex,
                                   const OptionDescriptor& opt_desc,
                                   const std::string& opt_space,
                                   const OptionalValue<SubnetID>& subnet_id,
                                   const HostID& id) {
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> bind =
        host_option_exchange_->createBindForSend(opt_desc, opt_space,
                                                 subnet_id, id);

    addStatement(stindex, bind);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::addOptions(const StatementIndex& stindex,
                                    const ConstCfgOptionPtr& options_cfg,
                                    const uint64_t host_id) {
    // Get option space names and vendor space names and combine them within a
    // single list.
    std::list<std::string> option_spaces = options_cfg->getOptionSpaceNames();
    std::list<std::string> vendor_spaces = options_cfg->getVendorIdsSpaceNames();
    option_spaces.insert(option_spaces.end(), vendor_spaces.begin(),
                         vendor_spaces.end());

    // For each option space retrieve all options and insert them into the
    // database.
    for (std::list<std::string>::const_iterator space = option_spaces.begin();
         space != option_spaces.end(); ++space) {
        OptionContainerPtr options = options_cfg->getAll(*space);
        if (options && !options->empty()) {
            for (OptionContainer::const_iterator opt = options->begin();
                 opt != options->end(); ++opt) {
                addOption(stindex, *opt, *space, OptionalValue<SubnetID>(),
                          host_id);
            }
        }
    }
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::
checkError(const int status, const StatementIndex index,
           const char* what) const {
    conn_.checkError(status, index, what);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::
getHostCollection(StatementIndex stindex, MYSQL_BIND* bind,
                  boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostExchange> exchange,
                  ConstHostCollection& result, bool single) const {

    // Bind the selection parameters to the statement
    int status = mysql_stmt_bind_param(conn_.statements_[stindex], bind);
    checkError(status, stindex, "unable to bind WHERE clause parameter");

    // Set up the MYSQL_BIND array for the data being returned and bind it to
    // the statement.
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> outbind = exchange->createBindForReceive();
    status = mysql_stmt_bind_result(conn_.statements_[stindex], &outbind[0]);
    checkError(status, stindex, "unable to bind SELECT clause parameters");

    // Execute the statement
    status = mysql_stmt_execute(conn_.statements_[stindex]);
    checkError(status, stindex, "unable to execute");

    // Ensure that all the lease information is retrieved in one go to avoid
    // overhead of going back and forth between client and server.
    status = mysql_stmt_store_result(conn_.statements_[stindex]);
    checkError(status, stindex, "unable to set up for storing all results");

    // Set up the fetch "release" object to release resources associated
    // with the call to mysql_stmt_fetch when this method exits, then
    // retrieve the data. mysql_stmt_fetch return value equal to 0 represents
    // successful data fetch.
    MySqlFreeResult fetch_release(conn_.statements_[stindex]);
    while ((status = mysql_stmt_fetch(conn_.statements_[stindex])) ==
           MLM_MYSQL_FETCH_SUCCESS) {
        try {
            exchange->processFetchedData(result);

        } catch (const isc::BadValue& ex) {
            // Rethrow the exception with a bit more data.
            isc_throw(BadValue, ex.what() << ". Statement is <" <<
                    conn_.text_statements_[stindex] << ">");
        }

        if (single && (result.size() > 1)) {
            isc_throw(MultipleRecords, "multiple records were found in the "
                      "database where only one was expected for query "
                      << conn_.text_statements_[stindex]);
        }
    }

    // How did the fetch end?
    // If mysql_stmt_fetch return value is equal to 1 an error occurred.
    if (status == MLM_MYSQL_FETCH_FAILURE) {
        // Error - unable to fetch results
        checkError(status, stindex, "unable to fetch results");

    } else if (status == MYSQL_DATA_TRUNCATED) {
        // Data truncated - throw an exception indicating what was at fault
        isc_throw(DataTruncated, conn_.text_statements_[stindex]
                  << " returned truncated data: columns affected are "
                  << exchange->getErrorColumns());
    }
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::
getHost(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
        const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
        const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
        const size_t identifier_len,
        StatementIndex stindex,
        boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostExchange> exchange) const {

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[3];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    uint32_t subnet_buffer = static_cast<uint32_t>(subnet_id);
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet_buffer);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Identifier value.
    std::vector<char> identifier_vec(identifier_begin,
                                     identifier_begin + identifier_len);
    unsigned long length = identifier_vec.size();
    inbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[2].buffer = &identifier_vec[0];
    inbind[2].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[2].length = &length;

    // Identifier type.
    char identifier_type_copy = static_cast<char>(identifier_type);
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&identifier_type_copy);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    getHostCollection(stindex, inbind, exchange, collection, true);

    // Return single record if present, else clear the host.
    ConstHostPtr result;
    if (!collection.empty())
        result = *collection.begin();

    return (result);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::checkReadOnly() const {
    if (is_readonly_) {
        isc_throw(ReadOnlyDb, "MySQL host database backend is configured to"
                  " operate in read only mode");
    }
}

MySqlHostDataSource::
MySqlHostDataSource(const MySqlConnection::ParameterMap& parameters)
    : impl_(new MySqlHostDataSourceImpl(parameters)) {
}

MySqlHostDataSource::~MySqlHostDataSource() {
    delete impl_;
}

void
MySqlHostDataSource::add(const HostPtr& host) {
    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly();

    // Initiate MySQL transaction as we will have to make multiple queries
    // to insert host information into multiple tables. If that fails on
    // any stage, the transaction will be rolled back by the destructor of
    // the MySqlTransaction class.
    MySqlTransaction transaction(impl_->conn_);

    // Create the MYSQL_BIND array for the host
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> bind = impl_->host_exchange_->createBindForSend(host);

    // ... and insert the host.
    impl_->addStatement(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_HOST, bind);

    // Gets the last inserted hosts id
    uint64_t host_id = mysql_insert_id(impl_->conn_.mysql_);

    // Insert DHCPv4 options.
    ConstCfgOptionPtr cfg_option4 = host->getCfgOption4();
    if (cfg_option4) {
        impl_->addOptions(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V4_OPTION,
                          cfg_option4, host_id);
    }

    // Insert DHCPv6 options.
    ConstCfgOptionPtr cfg_option6 = host->getCfgOption6();
    if (cfg_option6) {
        impl_->addOptions(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V6_OPTION,
                          cfg_option6, host_id);
    }

    // Insert IPv6 reservations.
    IPv6ResrvRange v6resv = host->getIPv6Reservations();
    if (std::distance(v6resv.first, v6resv.second) > 0) {
        for (IPv6ResrvIterator resv = v6resv.first; resv != v6resv.second;
             ++resv) {
            impl_->addResv(resv->second, host_id);
        }
    }

    // Everything went fine, so explicitly commit the transaction.
    transaction.commit();
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSource::del(const SubnetID& subnet_id, const asiolink::IOAddress& addr) {
    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly();

    if (addr.isV4()) {
        // Set up the WHERE clause value
        MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];

        uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
        memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
        inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
        inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        uint32_t addr4 = addr.toUint32();
        inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr4);
        inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        ConstHostCollection collection;
        return (impl_->delStatement(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_ADDR4, inbind));
    }

    // v6
    ConstHostPtr host = get6(subnet_id, addr);
    if (!host) {
        return (false);
    }

    // Ok, there is a host. Let's delete it.
    return del6(subnet_id, host->getIdentifierType(), &host->getIdentifier()[0],
                host->getIdentifier().size());
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSource::del4(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                          const uint8_t* identifier_begin, const size_t identifier_len) {
    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly();

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[3];

    // subnet-id
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    uint32_t subnet = static_cast<uint32_t>(subnet_id);
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // identifier type
    char identifier_type_copy = static_cast<char>(identifier_type);
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&identifier_type_copy);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // identifier value
    std::vector<char> identifier_vec(identifier_begin,
                                     identifier_begin + identifier_len);
    unsigned long length = identifier_vec.size();
    inbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[2].buffer = &identifier_vec[0];
    inbind[2].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[2].length = &length;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    return (impl_->delStatement(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_SUBID4_ID, inbind));
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSource::del6(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                          const uint8_t* identifier_begin, const size_t identifier_len) {
    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly();

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[3];

    // subnet-id
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    uint32_t subnet = static_cast<uint32_t>(subnet_id);
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // identifier type
    char identifier_type_copy = static_cast<char>(identifier_type);
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&identifier_type_copy);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // identifier value
    std::vector<char> identifier_vec(identifier_begin,
                                     identifier_begin + identifier_len);
    unsigned long length = identifier_vec.size();
    inbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[2].buffer = &identifier_vec[0];
    inbind[2].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[2].length = &length;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    return (impl_->delStatement(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_SUBID6_ID, inbind));
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAll(const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                            const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                            const size_t identifier_len) const {
    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    // Identifier type.
    char identifier_type_copy = static_cast<char>(identifier_type);
    inbind[1].buffer = &identifier_type_copy;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Identifier value.
    std::vector<char> identifier_vec(identifier_begin,
                                     identifier_begin + identifier_len);
    unsigned long int length = identifier_vec.size();
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[0].buffer = &identifier_vec[0];
    inbind[0].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[0].length = &length;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_DHCPID, inbind,
                             impl_->host_ipv46_exchange_,
                             result, false);
    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAll4(const asiolink::IOAddress& address) const {

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[1];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    uint32_t addr4 = address.toUint32();
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr4);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_ADDR, inbind,
                             impl_->host_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get4(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                          const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                          const size_t identifier_len) const {

    return (impl_->getHost(subnet_id, identifier_type, identifier_begin,
                   identifier_len, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID4_DHCPID,
                   impl_->host_exchange_));
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get4(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const asiolink::IOAddress& address) const {
    // Check that address is IPv4, not IPv6.
    if (!address.isV4()) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "MySqlHostDataSource::get4(2): wrong address type, "
                            "address supplied is not an IPv4 address");
    }

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    uint32_t addr4 = address.toUint32();
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr4);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    impl_->getHostCollection(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID_ADDR,
                             inbind, impl_->host_exchange_, collection, true);

    // Return single record if present, else clear the host.
    ConstHostPtr result;
    if (!collection.empty())
        result = *collection.begin();

    return (result);
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get6(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                          const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                          const size_t identifier_len) const {

    return (impl_->getHost(subnet_id, identifier_type, identifier_begin,
                   identifier_len, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_DHCPID,
                   impl_->host_ipv6_exchange_));
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get6(const asiolink::IOAddress& prefix,
                          const uint8_t prefix_len) const {

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    std::string addr6 = prefix.toText();
    unsigned long addr6_length = addr6.size();

    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>
                        (const_cast<char*>(addr6.c_str()));
    inbind[0].length = &addr6_length;
    inbind[0].buffer_length = addr6_length;

    uint8_t tmp = prefix_len;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&tmp);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    impl_->getHostCollection(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_PREFIX,
                             inbind, impl_->host_ipv6_exchange_,
                             collection, true);

    // Return single record if present, else clear the host.
    ConstHostPtr result;
    if (!collection.empty()) {
        result = *collection.begin();
    }

    return (result);
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get6(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const asiolink::IOAddress& address) const {
    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    uint32_t subnet_buffer = static_cast<uint32_t>(subnet_id);
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet_buffer);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    std::string addr6 = address.toText();
    unsigned long addr6_length = addr6.size();

    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>
                        (const_cast<char*>(addr6.c_str()));
    inbind[1].length = &addr6_length;
    inbind[1].buffer_length = addr6_length;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    impl_->getHostCollection(MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_ADDR,
                             inbind, impl_->host_ipv6_exchange_,
                             collection, true);

    // Return single record if present, else clear the host.
    ConstHostPtr result;
    if (!collection.empty()) {
        result = *collection.begin();
    }

    return (result);
}

// Miscellaneous database methods.

std::string MySqlHostDataSource::getName() const {
    std::string name = "";
    try {
        name = impl_->conn_.getParameter("name");
    } catch (...) {
        // Return an empty name
    }
    return (name);
}

std::string MySqlHostDataSource::getDescription() const {
    return (std::string("Host data source that stores host information"
                        "in MySQL database"));
}

std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> MySqlHostDataSource::getVersion() const {
    return(impl_->getVersion());
}

void
MySqlHostDataSource::commit() {
    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly();
    impl_->conn_.commit();
}

void
MySqlHostDataSource::rollback() {
    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly();
    impl_->conn_.rollback();
}

}; // end of isc::dhcp namespace
}; // end of isc namespace